Establishing bacterial infectivity models in striped Catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage) with Edwardsiella ictaluri

A bacterial infectivity challenge model of Edwardsiella ictaluri in striped catfish was developed. All experiments were conducted using a bacterial isolate of E. ictaluri that had been recovered during a natural outbreak of bacillary necrosis of Pangasianodon (BNP) in farmed striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus in Vietnam. Time of immersion in 10⁷ CFU.ml⁻¹ had a significant effect on mortality. The immersion bacterial dose of 10⁷ CFU/ml for 30 s resulted in a cumulative percentage mortality of 63%. Three to four days post-bacterial challenge, fish showed gross clinical signs of natural BNP and E. ictaluri was recovered and identified from these fish. Moreover, a cohabitation challenge was evaluated as an alternative challenge method, although the mortalities among the infected fish were lower at around 15%–40%. This study confirmed the horizontal transmission of E. ictaluri in striped catfish and elucidated that cohabitation challenge could be used in reproducing the disease under controlled conditions.     

Implementation of an easily reconfigurable dynamic simulator for recirculating aquaculture systems

Methodology of Programmable Process Structures has been implemented and applied for the flexible automatic generation and simulation of Recirculating Aquaculture Systems. First, we implemented and validated the model for a pilot unit, based on short time experiments with Common carp (Cyprinus carpio), utilizing data and functionalities from the literature. Afterwards, starting from this model we generated a hypothetical single tank model of simulated increasing volume, to demonstrate how it supports the simplified, preliminary analysis, design and control of the possible multi-stage systems. We showed that the simulation of a single tank with an appropriately increasing volume makes possible to study the various control strategies, as well as to design the structure and the grading strategy of the multi-stage systems, without an increased combinatorial complexity. In the knowledge of the simulated increasing volume, we determined the volumes of subsequent stages by equidistant partitioning of the rearing time, algorithmically. Considering the available (or planned) tank volumes, this method makes possible to design a multi-stage system that approximately corresponds to the previously optimized single tank model. This conclusion was illustrated by the generation and simulation of the model for the respective multi-stage system.     

中国杜鹃花品种分类问题与思考

杜鹃花具有极高的观赏价值，是世界级名花。经过数百年的人工选育，全球杜鹃花品种已超过3万个。我国虽然拥有丰富的杜鹃花资源，但园艺化程度与国外差距明显，其中一个重要原因就是国内杜鹃花品种分类及品种名称较为混乱，阻碍了其进一步应用和发展。文中综述了近年来中国杜鹃花品种分类研究的成果与存在的不足，并展望了研究方向。分析认为，综合植物系统分类学研究及品种亲本来源信息是建立科学品种分类体系的基础，同时运用分子生物学技术和形态性状数量分析等方法进行归类将是重要的研究方向。     

Clostridium bifermentans and C. subterminale are associated with kiwifruit vine decline,known as moria,in Italy

Since 2012, a new pathogenic syndrome has frequently been observed in many areas of kiwifruit cultivation in Italy. The main symptoms include an initial withering of the leaves followed by a total and sudden collapse of plants, mainly occurring during summer. The withered leaves fall and the main and secondary feeder roots appear rotten, sometimes showing a reddish-brown discoloration. The disease, that affects both the green and yellow-fleshed cultivars, has been called kiwifruit vine decline and is locally known as moria. The syndrome has been found consistently associated with soil waterlogging, which frequently occurs either after the traditional agronomical practice of irrigating orchards through surface irrigation or after very heavy rainfall. So far, the role played by bacteria in this syndrome has not been investigated. In the present study, Clostridium spp. were isolated from both rotten roots and soils obtained from Italian kiwifruit orchards affected by the syndrome, indicating for the first time that anaerobic bacteria are able to cause damage to woody crops. C. bifermentans and C. subterminale incited symptoms in kiwifruit in both in vivo and in vitro pathogenicity tests. Soil waterlogging seems to potentially favour colonization of kiwifruit roots by anaerobic bacteria, probably because saturation of the soil can facilitate proliferation and persistence of these bacteria during long periods of the vegetative growth of the crop. The occurrence of anaerobic bacteria does not exclude the possibility that other microorganisms can play additional/synergic role(s) in causing the kiwifruit vine decline.     

木本植物逆境胁迫研究进展

木本植物(Woody plant)具有多年生、木质部发达和茎坚硬等特点,能抵御复杂多变的外界环境。本综述归纳了木本植物逆境胁迫的几个重要方面,例如盐胁迫、干旱胁迫和低温胁迫。归纳并总结了与应激有关的基因、蛋白质、转录因子和应激反应机制,并简要概述了木本植物在植被保护、园林绿化和土壤改良等方面的应用价值,最后对木本植物研究的局限性和存在的不足进行了讨论。蒙古柳(Salix linearistipularis)作为松嫩平原盐碱地区唯一具有群落分布的木本植物,是研究逆境胁迫的重要树种材料。因此,本综述着重介绍了耐盐碱木本植物蒙古柳对盐等逆境胁迫的研究进展,以期为木本植物逆境胁迫研究提供一定的理论基础;并针对目前研究存在的不足,为进一步研究提供了参考方向。     

刈割干扰对羊草草甸草原植物功能群及多样性的影响

【目的】 刈割是草原主要利用方式之一,植物功能群和群落物种多样性是判别干扰条件下草地生态系统退化的重要生态学指标。研究不同刈割干扰下羊草草甸草原植物功能群和群落物种多样性的变化,了解刈割干扰下草原功能群与多样性变化过程和机制,为退化割草地生态恢复提供理论依据。【方法】 以呼伦贝尔羊草草甸草原时空刈割配置为试验平台,于2014—2018年植物生长最旺盛的季节（即每年8月初）,采用样方法对各个小区进行群落植被调查。分析一年一割（G1）、两年一割（G2）、漏割带10 m（G3）、漏割带5 m（G4）和对照（CK）处理下草甸草原群落功能群和物种多样性变化以及刈割时间和不同刈割处理间的交互作用,探讨植物功能群与群落物种多样性的相关关系。【结果】 研究发现羊草（Leymus chinensis）在不同刈割制度下均为优势物种,但是随着刈割频次的增加呈现出羊草重要值逐渐降低,退化指示物种星毛委陵菜（Potentilla acaulis）、披针叶黄华（Thermopsis lanceolate）等重要值增加的趋势;两年一割处理下羊草、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa）、长柱沙参（Adenophora stenanthina）、柴胡（Bupleurum scorzonerifolium）和草地早熟禾（Poa ratensis）等植物重要值均高于其他处理。一年一割和常年不刈割处理下草地植物禾本科和豆科植物重要值所占比例减少,以退化植物居多的菊科和莎草科植物所占比例增加,在漏割带为10 m处理草地的豆科植物增加;刈割处理5年后,不同刈割制度下植物群落物种多样性指数均有增加,其中漏割带为10 m处理Shannon-Wiener多样性和Simpson优势度指数增加明显。5个刈割处理均匀度指数变化趋势不同,其中G3和G4处理草地的群落均匀度有增加的趋势,分别增加16%和5.8%,G1、G2和CK草地群落均匀度指数下降,其中G1下降最大（下降了1.8%）,其次是CK（下降1.6%）,G2草地下降最少。植物群落物种多样性指数变化分析表明经过5年不同刈割处理,漏割带10 m处理的草地植物群落物种多样性提高。群落物种多样性指数与植物功能群禾本科重要值存在极显著负相关关系,与毛茛科和菊科重要值呈现显著正相关关系。【结论】 长期高频度刈割会导致草原退化,同样对草原长期不利用也会致使草原发生逆行演替;两年一割和漏割带为10 m的连年刈割均可以缓解群落中禾本科等优势植物比例下降,促进毛茛科植物比例增加;经过5年的不同刈割处理,漏割带为10 m的刈割处理植物群落物种多样性有所提高,即对草原进行适度刈割干扰（两年一割和漏割带10 m）有利于草原的可持续发展。     

Comparative performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies under different nutrient and light conditions

Invasive plants may be more plastic than non‐invasive plants and maintain high fitness under various environmental conditions. Previous studies mainly focused on the comparisons between invasive and native plants, and comparisons between highly invasive and less invasive exotic species are still relatively rare, especially for comparisons at the subspecies level. This study examined the effects of nutrient addition and shading on the performance of the highly invasive Mimosa invisa and its less invasive subspecies M. invisa var. inermis under either isolated or competitive conditions. Nutrient addition increased biomass and plant height and decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio (R/S). Shading decreased biomass and R/S and increased plant height. Under isolated conditions, the two invaders did not differ in R/S, plant height and plasticity of these traits in response to nutrient addition or shading, and the two invaders also did not differ in biomass production under each of the nutrient and light treatments. When the two invaders competed with each other, M. invisa outcompeted M. invisa var. inermis under high soil nutrient conditions, and the two invaders did not differ in performance under other growth conditions. Thus, only considering competition may we find out the difference between highly invasive species and their closely related, less invasive subspecies. Management of M. invisa should focus on habitats with high soil nutrient availability, in which M. invisa is more likely to dominate.     

绿肥翻压后减肥和基施控释肥对烟叶产质量和土壤肥力的影响

为研究绿肥（豌豆）翻压后合理施用肥料问题,采用田间小区试验,在翻压绿肥的基础上通过减少基肥用量和控释肥代替部分基肥,研究其对烟叶产量、产值和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,绿肥翻压可以提高低有机质土壤（有机质含量<10 g/kg）的有机质含量,对其他土壤化学性质无显著影响;绿肥翻压后将基肥减少15%和30%对烟叶产量、产值无显著影响,对烟叶化学成分无明显影响。在减少15%基肥后,将剩余基肥的50%以控释肥代替,可以显著提高烟叶产量和产值,提高烟叶钾含量和钾/氯比,改善烟叶品质。     

晋中盆地典型耕地厚度、土壤养分空间变异

旨在探究旱作区耕地土壤耕层厚度及土壤养分空间格局与变异规律。以晋中盆地典型耕地土壤为研究对象,运用地统计学方法对耕地耕层厚度及土壤养分的空间变异进行分析,土壤养分选取有机质、pH、有效磷、缓效钾4个指标。结果表明：（1）各个指标的空间自相关性都是随着距离的增加而减小;（2）有效磷的半变异函数最优模型为高斯模型,其他指标的最优模型均为指数模型。各指标的块金系数由大到小依次为：有机质>有效磷>pH>耕层厚度>缓效钾;（3）耕层厚度、有效磷均为西北高东南低的空间格局,缓效钾为东北高西南低,有机质为西南高东北低,pH除北洸乡偏低外均偏高。地统计方法能良好地描述土壤性质的空间分布和变异特征,各土壤性质的空间变异过程中随机性与结构性并存,并且随机性均小于50%。     

基于物联网的玉米病害环境监测系统研究与实现

为研究和实现基于物联网的玉米病害环境监测系统,笔者设计了包括感知层、传输层、云服务层和应用层的4层架构。在感知层,利用传感器技术实时采集玉米病害环境的温湿度、降雨量、风向风速、光照强度和土壤温湿度等数据;在传输层中使用4G移动通信网络实现数据的远距离传输;云服务层中,基于四川农畜育种攻关云服务平台,应用数据库技术、云服务技术实现数据的存储和管理;最后,在应用层采用B/S模式实现数据展示服务。结果表明,该系统能够准确采集、稳定传输和安全存储数据,降低了人工成本。因此,它能够为玉米病害研究课题组提供有效的信息化服务,具有一定实用价值。